APA

References/Works Cited

• Books
• Periodical Articles
• Web Pages
• Miscellaneous Sources

In Text Reference Citations

• Direct Quotes
• Parenthetical Statements

These guidelines on the construction of a bibiliography and the format of in text citations are based on the 5th edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, call number BF76.7 .P8 3 2001, located at the Burke Reserve Desk and in the Reference area. Additional guidelines for formatting electronic sources are based on the APA Style Guide to Electronic References. You may also find information on the APA citation format on the Frequently Asked Questions page of the APA Style Web site. APA style is used primarily in the social sciences and education disciplines.

References/Works Cited

BOOKS

Use the following format:

Author, A.A. (Year). Title of work. Location: Publisher.

One author/editor

Krent, H.J. (2005). Presidential powers. New York: New York University Press.

Two or more authors/editors

Caufield, S., Chambers, S.C., & Putnam, L. (Eds.). (2005). Honor, status, and law in modern Latin America. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.

Corporate author

American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-IV-TR. Washington, DC: Author.

No author

Punctuated equilibrium. World encyclopedia. (2005). Oxford University Press. Retrieved July 5, 2006, from Oxford Reference Online Premium.

Chapter/essay in an edited book

Tallmadge, J. (2004). Deerslayer with a degree. In M. Allister (Ed.), Eco-man: New perspectives on masculinity and nature (pp. 17-27). Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press.

Encyclopedia article

Maryanski, A.R. (2004). Evolution theory. In Encyclopedia of social theory. (Vol I, pp. 257-262). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.

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PERIODICAL ARTICLES

Use the following format:

Author, A.A., B.B., & Author C.C. (Year). Title of the article. Title of the Periodical, volume number(issue number), beginning page number-ending page number.

Journal article - one author

Austin, T.(2006). Miami noir. Columbia Journalism Review, 44(5), 28-37.

Journal article - two or more authors

Hutchins, B. & Libby, L. (May 2006). Environmental protest and tap-dancing with the media in the information age. Media, Culture & Society 28(3), 433-451.

Magazine article

Tietz, J. (2006, December 14). Boss hog. Rolling Stone, 1015, 89-139.

Full text article with DOI

Siegel J. (2008). Do all animals sleep? Trends in Neurosciences 31(4), 208-213. doi:10.1016/j.tins.2008.02.001

Full text article from an online database

Wernersson, A. (2004). Aquatic ecotoxicity due to oil pollution in the Ecuadorian Amazon. Ecosystem Health & Management 7(1), 127-136. Retrieved from Academic Search Premier database.

Online journal article with no print equivalent

Wiggins, R. (2002, October). Al Gore and the creation of the internet. First Monday 5(10). Retrieved from http://firstmonday.org/issues/issue5_10/wiggins/index.html

Online newspaper article

Reel, M. (2006, June 20). Two views of justice fuel Bolivian land battle. Washington Post. Retrieved from LexisNexis Academic database.

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WEB PAGES

Citing internet resources accurately can be tricky because there are so many different types of web-based documents used in research. For a detailed explanation of how to cite electronic media, consult the APA Style Guide to Electronic References. Use the following formats:

Web page with an author

Burgess, G. & Burgess, H. (1997). The meaning of civility. Retrieved July 5, 2006, from University of Colorado, Conflict Research Consortium Web site: http://www.colorado.edu/conflict/civility.htm

Web page without an author

Democratic party platform of 1980. (n.d.). Retrieved June 15, 2006, from The American Presidency Project Web site: http://www.presidency.uscb/show platforms.php?platindex=D1980

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MISCELLANEOUS SOURCES

Unpublished interview

Ericson, R. (Speaker). (2004). Interview with Richard W. Couper. [CD]. Hamilton College Archives.

Films/videos

Coen, E. (Writer/Producer), & Coen, J. (Writer/Director). (2000). O brother, where art thou? [Motion picture]. United States: Touchstone Pictures and Universal Pictures.

Images

APA does not provide a citation format for images or figures. To cite an image, cite the publication in which the image appears.

Government publications

U.S. Congress. House. Select Committee to Investigate Cover Arms Transactions with Iran. (1987). Report of the congressional committees investigating the Iran-Contra affair: with supplemental, minority, and additional views. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

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In Text Reference Citations

Whenever you incorporate another author's words, facts, or ideas into your paper, you must acknowlege the source by using an in text reference that links to a full citation in your works cited list. The APA style uses the author name and publication date in parentheses in the text of a paper. You should include page number(s) in an in text citation when referencing a direct quote or when referring to a specific portion of text.

DIRECT QUOTES

"...the need for congressional approval" (Krent, 2005, p. 115).

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PARENTHETICAL STATEMENTS

Single or multiple authors

In a recent analysis of male roles...(Tallmadge, 2004).

Caulfield, Chambers, and Putnam (2005) integrate the concepts...

Corporate author

The American Psychiatric Association recommends...(2000).

No author identified

In the Concise medical dictionary (2002, p. 375)...

Government documents

An investigation of Oliver North's role...(U.S. Congress, House Select Committee to Investigate Cover Arms Transactions with Iran, 1987).

Electronic and online sources

To cite specific parts of a Web document, indicate the chapter, figure, table, or equation as appropriate. For quotations, give page number (or paragraph numbers). The abbreviation "para" can be substituted for the paragraph symbol. For example:

As defined by Burgess and Burgess (1997, ¶3), .............

If page or paragraph numbers are not availabe (i.e. they are not visible to the reader), they can be omitted from the in text citation. With most browsers, readers will still be able to search for the quoted material. If no Web page author is identified, use the title of the page as it appears in the reference list:

Overall, the 1980 Democratic Party platform....(Democratic party platform of 1980, n.d.).

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Questions? Ask a librarian for further assistance.

(Updated: May 5, 2008)