Footnotes

Footnotes are required in some disciplines, and many instructors prefer them. To create a footnote or an endnote, place the reference number at the end of the material cited or quoted. At the bottom of the page (or at the end of the paper, as an endnote), give the information about the work you have cited in the following order:

For books:

Author's full name. Title. (Place: Publisher, Date), Page num- bers.

Examples:

¹Bertrand Russell. Our Knowledge of the External World. (New York: Norton, 1929), 41.

²William R. Parker. Milton. (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1968), II. 743.

³Kemp Malone. "Etymologies for Hamlet." Studies in Heroic Legend and Current Speech. Ed. S. Einarsson and N. E. Eliason. (Copenhagen: Rosenkilde & Bragger, 1959), 204-225.

Of the three examples given, the first is the simplest.  It is a work in one volume by a single author.  The second cites a work in more than one volume, and the third cites an essay in a longer book, which has two editors.  Note the punctuation of these examples. Punctuate your citations accordingly.

For articles:

Author's full name. "Title of Article." Periodical. Volume (Year of Publication): Page numbers.

Examples:

¹John Ellis. "The Literary Adaptation: An Introduction." Screen 23 (1982): 3-4.

²Jonathan Alter. "What We Really Need to Know." Newsweek 10 June 2002: 29.

In the second example, the reference is to a weekly magazine that does not paginate continuously throughout a year's volume. Therefore the reference to the date of the issue is necessary.

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